What is Cholesterol?
Cholesterol is a waxy substance your body needs for hormone production, vitamin D synthesis, and cell membrane function. However, excess cholesterol in the bloodstream increases cardiovascular disease risk.
LDL Cholesterol: The "Bad" Kind
LDL (low-density lipoprotein) carries cholesterol from your liver to cells. Excess LDL oxidizes and accumulates in artery walls, forming plaques that narrow arteries—a process called atherosclerosis.
Optimal LDL levels: Less than 100 mg/dL
Healthy goal for those with heart disease: Less than 70 mg/dL
HDL Cholesterol: The "Good" Kind
HDL (high-density lipoprotein) removes excess cholesterol from arteries and bloodstream, transporting it to the liver for disposal. Higher HDL protects against heart disease.
Optimal HDL levels: 60 mg/dL or higher
Concerning levels: Below 40 mg/dL for men, below 50 mg/dL for women
Triglycerides
Triglycerides are another type of blood fat. High triglyceride levels, especially when paired with low HDL, significantly increase heart disease risk.
Optimal triglyceride levels: Less than 150 mg/dL
Elevated: 150-199 mg/dL
High: 200-499 mg/dL
Total Cholesterol vs. Components
While total cholesterol matters, understanding the breakdown is more important. You can have acceptable total cholesterol with unfavorable HDL/LDL ratios, or vice versa.
Factors Affecting Cholesterol
Genetics influence cholesterol levels, but diet, exercise, smoking, and body weight significantly impact levels. Regular exercise increases HDL, while reducing refined carbohydrates and trans fats lowers LDL and triglycerides.
When to Check Levels
Adults should have cholesterol checked at least every 5 years. Those with risk factors should check more frequently. Regular monitoring helps track the effectiveness of lifestyle changes or medications.